This topic cover following points with regards to different sources available for Our Own History:
Archaeological sources:Exploration, excavation, epigraphy,numismatics, monuments
Literary sources:Indigenous: Primary and secondary;poetry, scientific literature, literature, liter-ature in regional languages, religious lit-erature.
Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese and Arab Writers.
Theory
What can we know about the past?
There are several things we can find out about past like
- what people ate,
- the kinds of clothes they wore,
- the houses in which they lived,
- the lives of hunters, herders, farmers, rulers, merchants, priests, crafts persons, artists, musicians, and scientists.
- games children played, the stories they heard, the plays they saw, the songs they sang.
- etc
Where did people live?
Narmada River
- People have lived along the banks of this river for several hundred thousand years.
- Some of the earliest people who lived here were skilled gatherers, — that is, people who gathered their food.
- They knew about the vast wealth of plants in the surrounding forests, and collected roots, fruits and other forest produce for their food.
- They also hunted animals
Sulaiman and Kirthar hills
- Some of the areas where women and men first began to grow crops such as wheat and barley about 8000 years ago are located here.
- People also began rearing animals like sheep, goat, and cattle, and lived in villages.
Garo hills to the north-east and the Vindhyas in central India
- These were some of the other areas where agriculture developed.
- The places where rice was first grown are to the north of the Vindhyas.
Indus and its tributaries
- About 4700 years ago, some of the earliest cities flourished on the banks of these rivers.(about 2500 years ago, cities developed on the banks of the Ganga and its tributaries, and along the seacoasts)
Ganga and its tributary called the Son
- In ancient times the area along these rivers to the south of the Ganga was known as Magadha. Its rulers were very powerful, and set up a large kingdom. Kingdoms were set up in other parts of the country as well.
Did People Traveled?
- Throughout, people travelled from one part of the subcontinent to another. The hills and high mountains including the Himalayas, deserts, rivers and seas made journeys dangerous at times, but never impossible.
- So, men and women moved in search of livelihood, as also to escape from natural disasters like floods or droughts.
- Sometimes men marched in armies, conquering others’ lands.
- Besides, merchants travelled with caravans or ships, carrying valuable goods from place to place.
- And religious teachers walked from village to village, town to town, stopping to offer instruction and advice on the way.
- Finally, some people perhaps travelled driven by a spirit of adventure, wanting to discover new and exciting places. All these led to the sharing of ideas between people.
Hills, mountains and seas form the natural frontiers of our subcontinent. While it was difficult to cross these frontiers, those who wanted could and did scale the mountains and cross the seas. People from across the frontiers also came into the subcontinent and settled here. These movements of people enriched our cultural traditions. People have shared new ways of carving stone, composing music, and even cooking food over several hundreds of years.
Names of the land?
Two of the words we often use for our country are India and Bharat.
- The word India comes from the Indus, called Sindhu in Sanskrit. The Iranians and the Greeks who came through the northwest about 2500 years ago and were familiar with the Indus, called it the Hindos or the Indos, and the land to the east of the river was called India.
- The name Bharata was used for a group of people who lived in the northwest, and who are mentioned in the Rigveda, the earliest composition in Sanskrit (dated to about 3500 years ago). Later it was used for the country.
Finding out about the past
There are several ways of finding out about the past.
- One is to search for and read books that were written long ago. These are called manuscripts, because they were written by hand (this comes from the Latin word ‘manu’, meaning hand). These were usually written on palm leaf, or on the specially prepared bark of a tree known as the birch, which grows in the Himalayas. Over the years, many manuscripts were eaten away by insects, some were destroyed, but many have survived, often preserved in temples and monasteries. These books dealt with all kinds of subjects: religious beliefs and practices, the lives of kings, medicine and science. Besides, there were epics, poems, plays. Many of these were written in Sanskrit, others were in Prakrit (languages used by ordinary people) and Tamil.A page from a palm leaf manuscript. This manuscript was written about a thousand years ago. The palm leaves were cut into pages and tied together to make books.
- We can also study inscriptions. These are writings on relatively hard surfaces such as stone or metal. Sometimes, kings got their orders inscribed so that people could see, read and obey them. There are other kinds of inscriptions as well, where men and women (including kings and queens) recorded what they did. For example, kings often kept records of victories in battle.An old inscription. This inscription dates to about 2250 years ago, and was found in Kandahar, present-day Afghanistan. It was written on the orders of a ruler named Ashoka. When we write anything, we use a script. Scripts consist of letters or signs. When we read what is written, or speak, we use a language. This inscription was written in two different scripts and languages, Greek (top) and Aramaic (below), which were used in this area
- There were many other things that were made and used in past. Those who study these objects are called archaeologists. They study the remains of buildings made of stone and brick, paintings and sculpture. They also explore and excavate (dig under the surface of the earth) to find tools, weapons, pots, pans, ornaments and coins. Some of these objects may be made of stone, others of bone, baked clay or metal. Objects that are made of hard, imperishable substances usually survive for a long time.Archaeologists also look for bones — of animals, birds, and fish — to find out what people ate in the past. Plant remains survive far more rarely — if seeds of grain or pieces of wood have been burnt, they survive in a charred form.
Historians, that is, scholars who study the past, often use the word source to refer to the information found from manuscripts, inscriptions and archaeology. Once sources are found, learning about the past becomes an adventure, as we reconstruct it bit by bit. So historians and archaeologists are like detectives, who use all these sources like clues to find out about our pasts.
One past or many?
The past was different for different groups of people. For example, the lives of herders or farmers were different from those of kings and queens, the lives of merchants were different from those of crafts persons, and so on. Also, as is true even today, people followed different practices and customs in different parts of the country. For example, today most people living in the Andaman Islands get their own food by fishing, hunting, and collecting forest produce. By contrast, most people living in cities depend on others for supplies of food. Differences such as these existed in the past as well. Besides, there is another kind of difference. We know a great deal about kings and the battles they fought because they kept records of their victories. Generally, ordinary people such as hunters, fishing folk, gatherers, farmers or herders did not keep records of what they did. While archaeology helps us to find out about their lives, there is much that remains unknown.
Note: These years are counted from the date generally assigned to the birth of Jesus Christ, the founder of Christianity. So, 2000 means 2000 years after the birth of Christ. All dates before the birth of Christ are counted backwards and usually have the letters BC (Before Christ) added on.
You will sometimes find AD before dates. This stands for two Latin words, ‘Anno Domini’, meaning ‘in the year of the Lord’ (i.e. Christ). So 2005 can also be written as AD 2005.
Sometimes CE is used instead of AD and BCE instead of BC. The letters CE stand for ‘Common Era’ and BCE for ‘Before Common Era’.
We use these terms because the Christian Era is now used in most countries of the world. In India we began using this form of dating from about two hundred years ago. And sometimes, the letters BP meaning ‘Before Present’ are used.
Quick Recap
Narmada Valley – Hunting and gathering
Garo hills – Early Agriculture 8000 years ago
Indus and its tributaries -The first cities 4700 years ago
Ganga Valley – cities about 2500 years ago
Magadha – First big kingdom